VITAMINS & MINERALS
Pourquoi l’iode est-il un minéral important ?
L’iode est un micronutriment essentiel et présent en très faible quantité dans notre organisme. La fonction physiologique de l’iode est d’assurer la synthèse des hormones thyroïdiennes qui ont un rôle majeur de régulation physiologique et métabolique au sein de l’organisme.
De nombreux polluants présents dans notre environnement peuvent rendre difficile l'assimilation de l'iode par la thyroïde, et les apports alimentaires en iode ne sont pas toujours suffisants.
L’iode entre dans la composition des hormones produites par la glande thyroïde, les hormones thyroïdiennes. Les hormones thyroïdiennes sont cruciales pour le développement du cerveau et la fonction cognitive.
Des études ont montré qu'une carence en iode peut entraîner une altération des capacités cognitives et une mauvaise rétention de la mémoire1.
Le rôle de l’iode est de contribuer à la production normale d’hormones thyroïdiennes et donc de soutenir la fonction thyroïdienne3.
Les besoins en iode sont variables selon l'âge, le sexe, les situations physiologiques.. L'apport en iode est particulièrement déterminant chez la femme enceinte et pour son enfant à naître, ainsi qu'en période d'allaitement. L’apport journalier recommandé pour l’adulte est de 150 μg.
La carence en iode peut être à l'origine d'anomalies mentales et de troubles psychomoteurs. L’insuffisance d’apport en iode peut conduire au développement d’un goitre mais aussi à des altérations sévères ou retardées du développement psycho-neuro-intellectuel de l’enfant. .
De nombreuses enquêtes européennes soulignent une insuffisance d'apport dans une large partie de la population âgée de plus de 10 ans. Selon l’étude INCA 2, 43% des femmes en âge de procréer ont un apport en iode insuffisant.
La carence en iode peut également être une raison de résistance à l’amaigrissement.
Iode et fonction cognitive
L’OMS, l’Organisation Mondiale de la santé, considère la déficience en iode comme la cause la plus importante de dommages cérébraux qu’il est possible de prévenir.
Des chercheurs ont obtenu des données sur l’alimentation globale de près de 900 personnes initialement enrôlées dans The Lothian cohort study 1936 en Ecosse. ils ont constaté qu’une faible consommation d’aliments riches en iode était associée à un rétrécissement plus important de leur volume cérébral.1
Des études ont montré que les enfants nés de mères présentant une carence en iode courent un risque plus élevé de troubles cognitifs et de retards de développement. Les adultes présentant une carence en iode peuvent également connaître un déclin cognitif et avoir des scores de QI inférieurs.
Pourquoi est-on carencé en iode ?
On ne mange pas assez de produit de la mer.
Quels sont les signes de carence ?
Fatigue, frilosité, constipation, chute de cheveux et hypothyroïdie (qui peut entrainer une prise de poids ou une difficulté à perdre du poids).
Reference:
1- Valdes DC et al. , Dietary iodine exposure and brain structure and cognition in old people. Exploratory analysis in the Lothian birth cohort 1936. J Nutr Health aging 2017 ; 21(9) : 971-979.
2- Iodine supplementation improves cognition in iodine-deficient schoolchildren in Albania: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study Michael B Zimmermann 1, Kevin Connolly, Maksim Bozo, John Bridson, Fabian Rohner, Lindita Grimci
3-Iodine and thyroid function J L Schlienger 1, B Goichot, F Grunenberger
4- Does maternal iodine supplementation during the lactation have a positive impact on neurodevelopment of children? Three-year follow up of a randomized controlled trial Pantea Nazeri 1, Zhale Tahmasebinejad 2, Elizabeth N Pearce 3, Zinat Zarezadeh 1, Tahere Tajeddini 1, Parvin Mirmiran 4 5, Fereidoun Azizi
5-Iodine nutritional status and risk factors for iodine deficiency in infants and children of the french North department]G Pouessel 1, K Bouarfa, B Soudan, J Sauvage, F Gottrand, D Turck
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